22 results
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... normal volume-based algorithm ... can be high or low ... Cerebral Salt Wasting ... differential #diagnosis #table
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... water loss, Serum Sodium ... mannitol, glucosuria Low ... #Causes
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis
Poor Intake 
 - Starvation
 - Anorexia
GI Losses 
 - Vomiting / NG
- Anorexia GI Losses ... type 4) - Salt wasting ... Differential #Diagnosis #Low ... #Potassium #Table ... Classification #Causes
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
Cerebral salt wasting ... Hypothyroidism, Low ... #Hyponatremia #algorithm ... #diagnosis #sodium ... #low #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm ... from other causes ... suggests extra-renal causes ... consumption • Low ... potassium #nephrology #low
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis by Mechanism
Decr Blood Pressure (“Decr Effective Circulating Volume”) 
 - Volume depletion
Cerebral salt wasting ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes #Sodium
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis and Screening Testing
Common causes: 
 • Renal parenchymal disease
Causes of Secondary ... and Screening Testing ... Common causes: ... agent Uncommon causes ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Antiarrhythmics Pharmacology Summary
Cardiac Conduction Phases:
Phase 0 - Ventricular Depolarization:
 • Na+ channels open leading to a
moving back to resting ... Phase 4 - True Resting ... maintain a negative resting ... 1 - Sodium Channel ... Classification #Classes
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
Excessive GI losses ... Familial renal Mg wasting ... Differential #Diagnosis #Low ... #Magnesium #Table ... Classification #Causes
Causes of Primary Amenorrhea - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
No onset of menarche by age 16 with secondary
Causes of Primary ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Etiology - High FSH, Low ... Functional (e.g. eating ... #Causes #OBGyn