15 results
Retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Sporadic mutation -> One allele of RB1 tumor suppressor gene
partial retinal red reflex ... Retinoblastoma #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms
Approach to Headaches - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Red flags (PHANTOMS):
 • Pattern change, progressively worse, papilledema
 •
history of cancer, HIV ... ) • Systemic symptoms ... and signs (e.g. ... infection (e.g., meningitis ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #neurology
CNS Infections - Viral Encephalitis and Bacterial Meningitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Viral Encephalitis:
MCC: Enteroviruses (e.g., coxsackievirus
Herpesviruses (MCC: HSV ... Coltivirus Symptoms ... Acute meningeal signs ... culture or by serology ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
Bell's Palsy - Diagnosis and Management Summary - GrepMed Handbook

Acute Idiopathic Unilateral Facial Nerve (CN7) Palsy
Presentation:
ophthalmoplegia), systemic signs ... (Ramsay-Hunt), HIV ... presentation • Lyme Serology ... Imaging (if atypical symptoms ... Management #Treatment #Neurology
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Anterior Cord Syndrome -> Anterior spinal artery
Mixed upper and lower ... bladder and rectal reflex ... Syndromes #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #orthopedics #neurology
Cauda Equina Syndrome Overview

Cauda Equina Syndrome:
 • Prevalence: 1:33,000-100,000 ppl/yr
 • Incidence: 1.5-3.4 million ppl/yr
 •
spine L1-L5 Symptoms ... so-called ‘red flag’ symptoms ... cord infarct • HIV ... extremity reflexes ... diagnosis #causes #neurology
Spinal Cord Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Spinal cord neurological lesion:
Clinical findings:
 • Symptoms and signs below
and signs below ... - Viral: VZV, HSV ... , HIV, CMV, HTLV ... dysfunction • Abnormal reflexes ... disorders #diagnosis #neurology
Periorbital Cellulitis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Definitions:
a. Dacryoadenitis: infection of the lacrimal glands
b. Conjunctivitis: inflammation of the
- pupillary reflex ... Periorbital #Cellulitis #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms
Photophobia and Headache - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Why?
• The coexistence of photophobia and headache suggests the potential
- Autonomic symptoms ... photophobia • Meningitis ... meningeal irritation signs ... differential #diagnosis #ophthalmology ... #Neurology
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Summary
ALS: combination of the clinical examination finding of amyotrophy with the pathologic
lateral sclerosis Pathophysiology ... Increased Jaw Jerk reflex ... fasciculations Common Symptoms ... motor neurons - IV ... Lateral #Sclerosis #neurology