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diagnosis differential management spinalcord physicalexam spinal syndromes acute algorithm als amyotrophic barre brudzinskis cauda caudaequina clinical cns comatose disorders encephalitis
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathogenesis and clinical findings • Anterior Cord Syndrome -> Anterior spinal artery
Syndrome ->Cord ... bladder and rectal reflex ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #orthopedics #neurology
Brudzinski’s Sign in Meningitis (first described in 19th century by Dr. Josef Brudzinski) Brudzinski's sign is characterized
Passive neck flexion causes ... spinal cord movement ... While the pathophysiology ... an involuntary reflex ... Video by Dr.
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 Lesions of the Spinal cord - Spinal Cord Syndromes Spinal cord lesions can result in permanent neurologic
- Spinal Cord Syndromes ... result in permanent neurologic ... syphilis, and HIV ... motor neuron symptoms ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
Cauda Equina Syndrome Overview Cauda Equina Syndrome: • Prevalence: 1:33,000-100,000 ppl/yr • Incidence: 1.5-3.4 million ppl/yr •
spine L1-L5 Symptoms ... so-called ‘red flag’ symptoms ... - Emergency Causes ... infarct • HIV ... #neurology
Spinal Cord Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Framework Spinal cord neurological lesion: Clinical findings: • Symptoms and signs below
and signs below ... Causes: 1. ... , HIV, CMV, HTLV ... MCTD, Sjogren syndrome ... disorders #diagnosis #neurology
CNS Infections - Viral Encephalitis and Bacterial Meningitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework Viral Encephalitis: MCC: Enteroviruses (e.g., coxsackievirus
Herpesviruses (MCC: HSV ... Coltivirus Symptoms ... Acute meningeal signs ... culture or by serology ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
Neurological Manifestations of Tuberculosis Spinal Arachnoiditis & Polyradiculopathy: • Subacute onset of limb weakness, bladder/bowel dysfunction, muscle
meninges in spinal cord ... Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome ... (IRIS): • In HIV ... • Caused by immune ... differential #TB #neurology
The Neurological Evaluation of a Comatose Patient Definition: • Coma: a state of unresponsiveness; the absence of
• Locked-in syndrome ... • Mutism Pathophysiology ... hypertonia (spasticity, rigidity ... • Examine for signs ... #PhysicalExam #neurology
Transverse Myelitis Overview Focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord resulting in rapid onset of weakness, sensory
Spasticity - Reflexes ... • Bilateral signs ... and/or symptoms ... simplex virus, HIV ... diagnosis #management #neurology
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Summary ALS: combination of the clinical examination finding of amyotrophy with the pathologic
lateral sclerosis Pathophysiology ... multiple spinal cord ... - Causes progressive ... Increased Jaw Jerk reflex ... Lateral #Sclerosis #neurology
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