18 results
Several artifacts can cause significant and potentially misleading alterations to measured RBC parameters: 
1. Old samples
#TargetCells #Codocytes ... Keratocyte #Blister #HelmetCells
Codocytes (Target cells) - Two target cells are seen in the left photo and one in
Codocytes (Target ... #Blood #Smear #Codocytes
Glomerular Diseases - Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes

Nephritic syndrome—due to GBM disruption. 
Hypertension. t BUN and creatinine.
Nephrotic yndrome—podocyte ... 10 (eg direct podocyte ... damage) or 20 (podocyte
Spectrum of Glomerular Diseases
Nephrotic - Mechanism:
 • Injury to podocytes
 • Changed architecture: Scanning. Deposition of
• Injury to podocytes
Schistocytes can assume a shape resembling natural or man-made objects such as arrowheads, fish, collar buttons,
Smear #Helmet #HelmetCells
Innate Immune Cells - Pathophysiology
The innate immune system consists of granulocytes, mast cells, natural killer cells,
killer cells, and monocytes ... Monocytes and neutrophils ... Monocytes and B-cells
Characteristics of Selected Pneumonias

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Gram-positive diplococci. 
Haemophilus influenzae. Pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacilli. 
Staphylococcus aureus. Plump
PMNs and monocytes
Podocytopathies - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

No podocytopenia - EM shows minimal change disease
 • Minimal Change Nephropathy
Podocytopenia
• FSGS NOS Podocyte ... Podocytopathy #podocytes
Fever - Pyrogen Pathophysiology

EXOGENOUS PYROGEN
 • Bacteria: Lipopolysaccharide components, peptidoglycans and muramyl peptide derivatives, Toxins
 •
(neutrophils, monocytes
Rigors And Bacteremia - Overview

• Rigors are a response to the release of cytokines and prostaglandins
: Neutrophils, Monocytes