19 results
Sarcoidosis 
Non-caseating granulomas (Composed of T-helper & inflammatory cells) 
Clinical:
 • Disease fatal in 10% of
Pulmonary: Cough, hemoptysis ... dysrhythmias • Ophthalmologic ... Sarcoidosis #Diagnosis #Symptoms ... #Signs #Pulmonary
Low O2 saturation that does not respond to supplemental O2
- Key diagnostic feature (sat < 85%
averaging by the pulse ... FiO2 Severity of symptoms ... pneumonia, COPD, anemia ... Concentrations #Signs ... #Symptoms
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) - Recognition of giant cell arteritis (GCA)

1) Is visual loss caused
2) Typical symptoms ... • Cephalic symptoms ... Constitutional symptoms ... Doppler US : halo sign ... #Rheumatology #Ophthalmology
Clinical Features of Systemic Lupus (SLE)
General: Fever (50%), Depression, Fatigue (75%), Weight loss (50%)
Eye: Sjögrens (15%)
Skin
Endocarditis, Aortic ... ) Blood (75%): Anemia ... erythematosus #signs ... #symptoms #diagnosis
Risk Factors and Signs of Copper Deficiency
Risk Factors:
 • Gastrointestinal: Previous upper bowel resection/bariatric surgery, Inflammatory
Risk Factors and Signs ... , Malnutrition Signs ... Haematological: Anaemia ... Peripheral neuropathy, Optic ... #riskfactors #symptoms
Refeeding Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Patients at Risk of Refeeding Syndrome:
 - Little or no nutritional
-DPG -> - hemolysis ... - anemia ... pathophysiology #symptoms ... #signs
Optic Neuritis - Diagnosis and Management
 • Epidemiology: Female (75%), 18-50 years,
caucasian
 • Symptoms: Moderate visual
Optic Neuritis - ... caucasian • Symptoms ... Unilateral • Signs ... Alistair Baber #Optic ... #rheumatology #ophthalmology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
• Ischemia of optic ... Leakage of optic ... pathophysiology #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms #complications
Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) definition: Most common systemic inflammatory vasculitis in older adults
those coming off aorta ... systemic sx + signs ... systemic complaints- anemia ... required +/- prompt ophthalmology ... GCA #Temporal #Signs
Acute Closed Angle Glaucoma: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCY: Early detection is essential, but most patients
lights are a key symptom ... Increased IOP leads to optic ... damage & blindness Signs ... / Symptoms / Complications ... pathophysiology #ophthalmology