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The Chvostek sign (/ˈkvɒstɪk/) is a clinical sign of existing nerve hyperexcitability (tetany) seen in hypocalcemia.It
The Chvostek sign ... is a clinical sign ... hypocalcemia.It refers to an abnormal ... hyperventilation, which causes ... serum Ca2+ with a normal
Portal Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis
Portal Pressure = the pressure difference between the pressure in the portal
HTN Signs of portal ... hepatorenal syndrome Clues ... obstruction) • Lack of signs ... Post-Hepatic: • Cardiac causes ... Differential #Diagnosis #causes
Marfan Syndrome - Signs and Symptoms

- Caused by mutations in the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) Gene (chromosome 15)
-
Marfan Syndrome - Signs ... Symptoms - Caused ... chromosome 15) - Abnormal ... Syndrome #Diagnosis #Signs
Normal (Negative) Babinski / Plantar Reflex

The plantar reflex is a reflex elicited when the sole of
Normal (Negative ... In normal adults ... plantar reflex causes ... response or Babinski sign ... Clinical #Video #Signs
Abnormalities in Rate and Rhythm of Breathing 
Normal 
The respiratory rate is about 14—20 per min
of Breathing Normal ... —20 per min in normal ... punctuated by frequent sighs ... Occasional sighs ... are normal.
Shock Classification Types - Pathophysiology Comparison

Obstructive Shock:
 • Obstructive shock is characterized by a blockage in
in blood flow caused ... Echocardiographic Signs ... Depends on the cause ... : Normal cardiac ... cardiac chambers and normal
Pulmonary Pathology and Associated Lung Ultrasound Findings
Pneumothorax:
 - No lung sliding/barcode sign
 - Lung point (hard
sliding/barcode sign ... Consolidations - "Shred" sign ... pleura in severe cases ... bilateral B-lines - Normal ... unilateral B-lines - Normal
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Musculoskeletal Manifestations

 • Immune Complex Deposition
    - Arthralgia, Arthritis
Proximal Weakness, Normal ... Myopathy (Also caused ... hydroxychloroquine therapy), Normal ... pathophysiology #signs
Differentiating Features Between Central and Peripheral Cyanosis

Mechanism - Arterial destauration
Sites - Skin, mucous membrane of oral
mucous membrane of oral ... therapy - Pulmonary cause ... blood gas - pO2 normal ... Peripheral #Comparison #Signs
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Causes:
 • Large lumbar degenerative disc herniation (central)
 • Severe lumbar spondylosis
 • Neoplasm
Equina Syndrome Causes ... lumbar spine Signs ... Areflexia (loss of normal ... diagnosis #symptoms #signs