13 results
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome ... Syndrome is a rare ... recessive salt-losing ... H+ secretion → Hypokalemia ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
- Nephrotic syndrome ... - Acute and ... Glucocorticoid deficit - Hypokalemia ... deficit - Salt-losing ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
deficiency, Salt-losing ... hormone secretion Hypervolemia ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... renal failure Hypervolemia ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... hypokalemic salt-losing ... cotransporter • Gitelman's ... Pseudo Bartter-Gitelman ... #nephrology #management
Reflex Testing - Causes of Hyporeflexia and Hyperreflexia
Focal Hyporeflexia: 
 • Radiculopathy, Mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathy, Acute stroke,
Polyneuropathy, Acute ... stroke, Acute spinal ... Hyporeflexia: • Hypercalcemia ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #neurology
Berlin Criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 
- Respiratory symptoms must have begun within one
Berlin Criteria for Acute ... Respiratory Distress Syndrome ... worsening symptoms during ... consistent with pulmonary ... Criteria #Diagnosis #CriticalCare
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... diuretic use), Gitelman's ... Hypomagnesemia, Acute ... or induced) #Hypokalemia ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Torsemide) • Acute ... pulmonary edema ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Medications #Table
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... Self-limiting, chronic but stable ... Pulmonary: dyspnea ... sarcoidosis Pulmonary ... : ACUTE, fever,
Causes of ST Segment Elevation - Differential Diagnosis Framework

STEMI:
 • Upsloping convex STE: "Pardee's sign" +
downsloping - Coving ... QRS complex Pulmonary ... Disorders: • Hyperkalemia ... no P waves • Hypercalcemia ... weeks following an acute