13 results
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
urine • 1ml blood ... hematuria • Signs ... • Cystitis • Bladder ... #urology #nephrology ... #renal #urine #blood
Causes of Peripheral and Central Vertigo
PERIPHERAL VERTIGO
1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) - Short-lived (typically less
Causes of Peripheral ... without an obvious cause ... signs or symptoms ... Central #Vertigo #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
Neurological Manifestations of Tuberculosis
Spinal Arachnoiditis & Polyradiculopathy:
 • Subacute onset of limb weakness, bladder/bowel dysfunction, muscle
Worsening of previous neurologic ... later stage) • Headache ... • Papilledema, headache ... • Caused by immune ... differential #TB #neurology
Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI) -> Urinary leakage preceded by a
BPH, urethral or bladder ... mellitus -> Bladder ... SUI or UUI not caused ... Pathophysiology #Signs ... #Symptoms #Urology
Spinal Cord Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Spinal cord neurological lesion:
Clinical findings:
 • Symptoms and signs below
findings: • Symptoms ... and signs below ... Non-compressive Spinal Cord Causes ... Blockage of the Blood ... disorders #diagnosis #neurology
Differentiating NBTE from Infective Endocarditis
No pathognomonic signs/symptoms or echo features that are specific to NBTE, and
pathognomonic signs ... /symptoms or echo ... cultures/serology ... cultures/serology ... in up to 30% of cases
Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) - Clinical Manifestations
 • Optic neuritis: Reduced visual acuity, ranging from mild to
involvement: Intractable nausea ... paresthesia to paresis, Bladder ... Manifestations #diagnosis #neurology ... #symptoms #signs
CNS Infections - Viral Encephalitis and Bacterial Meningitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Viral Encephalitis:
MCC: Enteroviruses (e.g., coxsackievirus
Coltivirus Symptoms ... influenzae Symptoms ... Acute meningeal signs ... culture or by serology ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview

Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by:
 • Headache
 • Seizures
 • Altered mental
characterized by: • Headache ... mental status • Headache ... may precede the neurologic ... Neurological symptoms ... diagnosis #management #neurology
Varicocele: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Primary:
 - Anatomically: the left spermatic vein drains into the left renal
artery Backup of blood ... retroperitoneal masses ... Obstruction of blood ... Pathophysiology #Signs ... #Symptoms #Urology