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Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Weakness, cramping, nausea ... only if no clear cause ... Elimination (see Table ... Redistribution Treatments ... sufficient if intact
Causes of Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia results from abnormal losses, transcellular shifts, or insufficient intake (Table 1).6–8 Abnormal losses
Causes of Hypokalemia ... or insufficient intake ... (Table 1).6–8 Abnormal ... , insufficient intake ... rarely the sole cause
Causes of Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is caused by excess potassium intake, impaired potassium excretion, or transcellular shifts. The
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Hyperkalemia is caused ... excess potassium intake ... increased potassium intake ... rarely the sole cause
Hypermagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism
Renal Failure 
Excessive Mg Administration 
 - Massive PO intake
- Massive PO intake ... High #Magnesium #Table ... #Causes #Management
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
Decreased GI Uptake ... - Poor dietary intake ... Low #Magnesium #Table ... Classification #Causes
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Low Serum Mg: GI losses, Renal losses, Alcoholism, Malnutrition, Drug-Induced
Drug-Induced • Intact ... resistance) • Intact ... losses, Low dietary intake ... sunlight • Other Causes ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Causes of Failure to Thrive
 - Inadequate intake 
 - Inadequate retention 
 - Malabsorption
Causes of Failure ... - Inadequate intake ... FailureToThrive #FTT #Causes
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... Inadequate water intake ... Excessive salt intake ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Causes of Iron Deficiency
 • Inadequate Intake: Vegetarian/vegan diet, Malnutrition
 • Increased Body Needs: Infants/preschoolers, Pregnancy,
Causes of Iron Deficiency ... • Inadequate Intake ... Pregnancy, EPO treatment ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Increased Intake
 • Reduced Excretion (IV potassium with
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... • Increased Intake ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes