1031 results
Causes of False Elevation and Reduction in HbA1c

== False Elevation ==
Decreased RBC turnover 
• Iron, B-12,
Elevation == Decreased ... Asplenia Laboratory Interference ... Reduction == Increase ... HgbA1c #Laboratory #Increase ... #Decrease #Diagnosis
Pressors and Inotropes

Norepinephrine
 • alpha1 > beta 1
 • Increase SVR > Inotropy
Vasopressin
 • V1
 •
• alpha 1 • Increase ... • Inotropy > Increase ... • Inotropy, Decrease ... • Inotropy, Decrease ... Pressors #Inotropes #criticalcare
COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED MEDICATIONS THAT INCREASE OR DECREASE WARFARIN’S INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO (INR)

#Pharmacology #Warfarin #Medications #Interactions #INR
MEDICATIONS THAT INCREASE ... OR DECREASE WARFARIN ... INR #Increases #Decreases
Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)

Expiratory & Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure
Both increase intrathoracic pressure, which can decrease
larger VT and decreases ... In CHF, decreases ... In COPD, decreases ... Cannot tolerate decreased ... #indications #criticalcare
Auto-PEEP 
What is Auto-PEEP?
 • Progressive air trapping & dynamic hyperinflation → ↑Palv at end expiration
Decrease airway ... (Tflow rate = decrease ... I:E ratio, decrease ... RR) • Decrease ... diagnosis #management #criticalcare
Diastolic Dysfunction Grading - Echocardiography
Grade 0  (Normal):
 • E/A >0.8, e’ > 8 cm/s, E/e’
Impaired Relaxation & Decreased ... Compliance • Mild Decrease ... /e’ 8 - 15 • Increase ... Filling • Moderate Decrease ... enlargement • Severe Decrease
Conceptual Relationship between Volume Responsiveness and Volume Tolerance

Assessing for volume responsiveness would only tell you that
there would be an increase ... "Left Shift" (Decreased ... glycocalyx damage -decreased ... oncotic pressure -decreased ... Pathophysiology #CriticalCare
Capnography Waveforms
Sudden loss of waveform
 • ET tube disconnected, dislodged, kinked or obstructec
 • Loss of
10mmHg Sudden increase ... Hyperventilation Decreased ... #Diagnosis #CriticalCare
Medications for High-Altitude Sickness 
Acetazolarnide 
 • Carbonic Anydrase Inhibitor Bicarb diuresis & metabolic Acidosis ->
Dexamethasone • Decrease ... vasogenic edema • Decrease ... Nifedipine • Decreases
Hydroxyurea - Pathophysiology and Benefits in Sickle Cell Disease
 • Decreases number of pain crises (
Cell Disease • Decreases ... 4.5 vs. 2.4) • Decreases ... organ benefit and decreased