12 results
Diplopia - Double Vision - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Clinical Pearls:
 • Diplopia is almost always binocular.
 •
Diplopia - Double ... Clinical Pearls: • Diplopia ... a mass as the cause ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #Ophthalmology
Important Causes of Diplopia 
TIER 1-CRITICAL
Basilar artery thrombosis, Botulism, Basilar meningitis, Aneurysmn
TIER 2-EMERGENT:
Vertebral dissection, Myasthenia gravis,
Important Causes ... of Diplopia TIER ... Ophthalmoplegic migraine, Ischemic ... Orbital apex mass #Diplopia ... differential #diagnosis #ophthalmology
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
re-vascularize the ischemic ... Localized retinal ischemia ... causes upregulation ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology ... complications #pathophysiology
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect
Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
 • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
tremor, dizziness, diplopia ... Systemic effect -> Nausea ... #SideEffects #Pathophysiology ... #Psychiatry #Pharmacology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
hyalinization causes ... fluffy white ischemic ... Elschnig's Spots • Ischemia ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Childhood Immunization Schedule: Why we immunize
 • Diphtheria Toxin -> URT inflammation causes pseudomembrane with hardened
URT inflammation causes ... leading to organ ischemia ... Hematogenous spread causes ... Transmitted by direct contact ... peds #pediatrics #pathophysiology
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 - For diagnosis, must have either 26
their turn • Causes ... AttentionDeficitHyperactiveDisorder #ADHD #BehavioralDisorder ... #Pathophysiology ... symptoms #signs #psychiatry
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
retinal edema caused ... by ischemia results ... axons death due to ischemia ... Occlusion #CRAO #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Panic Disorder: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Social Factors
 • Parenting and infant attachment
 • Childhood illness/abuse
 •
sweating, trembling, nausea ... PanicDisorder #Anxiety #BehavioralDisorder ... #Pathophysiology ... symptoms #signs #psychiatry
Conduct Disorder (CD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 - Must have >3 symptoms present in the past
Conduct Disorder ... weapon that can cause ... #CD #BehavioralDisorder ... #Pathophysiology ... symptoms #signs #psychiatry