32 results
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
re-vascularize the ischemic ... ischemia -> Venous ... ischemia causes ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology ... complications #pathophysiology
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO): Pathogenesis and clinical findings

#CentralRetinalVein #Occlusion #CRVO #pathophysiology #ophthalmology #diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Central Retinal ... Occlusion #CRVO #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
edema caused by ischemia ... axons death due to ischemia ... Occlusion #CRAO #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
causes fluffy white ischemic ... Elschnig's Spots • Ischemia ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Causes of Dizziness - Vertigo - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
True Vertigo - Illusion of Rotary Movement
Peripheral Vestibular
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... vomiting, auditory symptoms ... symptoms/signs, ... • Transient Ischemic ... Dizziness #Vertigo #Neurology
Retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Sporadic mutation -> One allele of RB1 tumor suppressor gene
Retinoblastoma Signs / Symptoms ... spread • Sub-retinal ... Retinoblastoma #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Isocoria - Pupillary Defects - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Relative Afferent Pupil Defect
 • Optic Neuritis
 • Ischemic
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Optic Neuritis • Ischemic ... Nerve Tumor • Retinal ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Causes #Ophthalmology
Diplopia - Double Vision - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Clinical Pearls:
 • Diplopia is almost always binocular.
 •
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... • Neurologic ... symptoms suggest ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Causes #Ophthalmology
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
and Diagnosis Algorithm ... nephrolithiasis • Symptoms ... for renal biopsy ... Hematuria #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Workup #urology
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Pre-Renal:
 • Hypovolemia, Cardiorenal, Distributive Shock, HRS, Hypercalcemia, Renal
Framework Pre-Renal ... Hypercalcemia, Renal ... Other • ATN: Ischemia ... Differential #Diagnosis #nephrology ... #causes #algorithm