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diagnosis differential management hyperkalemia high syndrome aniongap classification diuresis diuretics elevation excretion gitelman hypokalemia k lactate lactic medications metabolic nongap
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Renal acidosis ... progressive kidney disease ... Potassium-sparing ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
burns, trauma - Ischemic ... - Metabolic acidosis ... • Addison’s disease ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
ischemia or the ... presentations and disease ... perfusion - shock->treatments ... - regional ischemia ... before beginning treatment
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
burns, trauma - Ischemic ... - Metabolic acidosis ... • Addison’s disease ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Weakness, cramping, nausea ... /crush injury, ischemia ... only if no clear cause ... ileus/obstruction (ischemia ... #potassium #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... ischemia 2. ... disease 2. ... Monitor potassium ... #treatment #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... Kidney stones caused ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology #
Sjogren's Syndrome Overview Epidemiology: • F > M: 9:1 • 5-6th Decades (can be any age) Autoimmune exocrinopathy multisystemic disease
Hypocomplementemia • Can cause ... Distal (Type I) renal ... tubular acidosis ... Adenocarcinoma Treatment ... lubricants • Pharmacologic
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
potassium wasting ... • Autoimmune disease ... tubular acidosis ... Rhabdomyolysis Treatment ... Syndrome #diagnosis #nephrology
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