12 results
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
DR • Weakened BRB ... ischemia -> Venous ... ischemia causes ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #complications
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers 
Recommended Dose Conversions 

Valsartan 
Irbesartan 
Losartan 
Olmesartan 
Telmisartan 
Candesartan 
Azilsartan 
Eprosartan 

A few
, CV benefits, renal ... initiating an ARB ... Receptor #Blockers #ARB ... #Conversion #Table ... #Dosing #Pharmacology
Isocoria - Pupillary Defects - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Relative Afferent Pupil Defect
 • Optic Neuritis
 • Ischemic
- Differential Diagnosis ... Optic Neuritis • Ischemic ... Nerve Tumor • Retinal ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... Algorithm #Causes #Ophthalmology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
/exudative • BRB ... causes fluffy white ischemic ... Elschnig's Spots • Ischemia ... pathophysiology #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #signs
Floaters - Differential Diagnosis Framework

What?
Vitreous Floaters:
• Microscopic collagen fibers within the vitreous that tend to clump
- Differential Diagnosis ... visual field defect are ... Vertebrobasilar transient ischemic ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Ocular #ophthalmology
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
- Differential Diagnosis ... ischemia or the ... source of energy, conversion ... - regional ischemia ... - Mesenteric ischemia
Algorithm - Approach to the differential diagnosis of the patient presenting with overt glomerular proteinuria. CMV
the differential diagnosis ... , extremities (ischemia ... inflammation of the retina ... In each diagnosis ... nephrotic #syndrome #nephrology
To improve the usefulness of the serum creatinine concentration as a marker of kidney function, prediction
used formulas are ... shown in Table ... these equations are ... levels, such as are ... #Diagnosis #Nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
- Differential Diagnosis ... ischemia 2. ... per day until stable ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... causes #treatment #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Medications: K+, ACEi/ARBs ... /crush injury, ischemia ... Elimination (see Table ... ileus/obstruction (ischemia ... Treatment #potassium #nephrology