1047 results
Lactulose: Mechanism of Action in Hepatic Encephalopathy
Lactulose → ↑ Lactic Acid, Acetic Acid → ↓ pH
Lactulose: Mechanism ... Encephalopathy Lactulose ... EricsMedicalLectures/ #Lactulose ... #pharmacology #
Pharmacologic Management of Constipation 
Fiber Laxatives
 - Bran powder
 - Psyllium
 - Methylcellulose
 - Calcium polycarbophil
Pharmacologic Management ... hydroxide - Lactulose ... #Constipation #Pharmacologic ... #Management #Pharmacology
IV Fluid Composition and Effects on Plasma
0.9% Saline
Ringer's Lactate
Balanced Crystalloid

#IVFluid #Composition #Plasma #comparison #Effects #nephrology #pharmacology
Saline Ringer's Lactate ... Effects #nephrology #pharmacology
Crystalloid pH, Contents and Costs Compared
Plasma	pH 7.4
Normal Saline	pH 5.5*	
Ringer’s Lactate pH 6.5	
Plasmalyte A pH 6.5	
Coca-cola pH
5.5* Ringer’s Lactate ... Comparison #Table #Pharmacology ... LactatedRingers #Plasmalyte #Pharmacology
Considerations for Crystalloids - 0.9% NS vs LR vs Plasma-Lyte
 - Causes hyperkalemia?
 - Safe to
- Serum lactate ... #Crystalloids #pharmacology
Intern Pocket Cards - Inpatient Bowel Regimen Guide
Osmotic agents (draws water into bowel, thereby loosening stool
, cramping • Lactulose ... #constipation #pharmacology
Pharmacologic Management of Constipation
Commonly used laxatives:
 • Bulk-forming laxatives - Psyllium, methylcellulose, polycarbophil
 • Osmotic laxatives
Pharmacologic Management ... glycol, sorbitol, lactulose ... #medications #pharmacology
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
mEq/L • Sodium lactate ... mEq • Sodium Lactate ... mole/L of sodium lactate ... NS #comparison #pharmacology
Food carbohydrates
Starch
Polysaccharides
Salivary amylase
G)
Pancreatic amylase
Lactose
Maltose
Lumen
Lactase
Maltase O
Sucrase
Saccharose Disaccharides
Nat
cotransport
carrier
Villus
epithelial cell
Galactose
Glucose
Glucose
Glucose
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Na*- and energy-
dependent
absorption
Glucose
Facilitated
diffusion
#Fructose Monosaccharides
Energy
dependent
Blood capillary
Na+
Pancreatic amylase Lactose ... Maltose Lumen ... Lactase Maltase ... epithelial cell Galactose ... Glucose Fructose Galactose
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Exclude:
1. Causes of acute diarrhea
2. Lactose intolerance
3.
Lactose intolerance ... Normal fecal fat: Lactose ... intolerance, Sorbitol, lactulose