11 results
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
• Metabolic acidosis ... • Metabolic acidosis ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... - Refeeding Syndrome ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #pathophysiology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... wasting from other causes ... consumption • Low ... - Metabolic acidosis ... #nephrology #low
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... the indicated causes ... of sodium and potassium
Antiarrhythmics - Vaughan Williams Classification:
CLASS 1 - Sodium Channel Blockers:
 • MOA: Block fast Na+ channels
Vaughan Williams Classification ... repolarization CLASS 3 - Potassium ... ++ influx into cells ... #Pharmacology #Classification ... #Classes #pathophysiology
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... high WBC count cause ... : • Pathophysiology ... Lysis of tumor cells ... , Elevated Cr, Low
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
Elevation, Lactic Acidosis ... e.g., uptake by cells ... LV failure - Low ... - Compartment syndrome ... #typea #typeb #classification
Antiarrhythmics Pharmacology Summary
Cardiac Conduction Phases:
Phase 0 - Ventricular Depolarization:
 • Na+ channels open leading to a
increases out of cells ... Vaughan Williams Classification ... repolarization CLASS 3 - Potassium ... #Pharmacology #Classification ... #Classes #pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
only if no clear cause ... ) • Low K diet ... Drives K+ into cells ... Management #Treatment #potassium ... #nephrology #K
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
apical membrane of cells ... alkalosis • Normal or low ... Renal tubular acidosis ... #diagnosis #nephrology ... #management #pathophysiology