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differential algorithm workup alkalosis management hypokalemia potassium hematuria hyponatremia low microscopy polyuria acute aki anesthesia anesthesiology gitelman high hyperkalemia injury
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
glomerular disease • Leukocytes ... • White cell casts ... • Hyaline casts ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... #nephrology #casts
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... and concentrated urine ... breakdown of cellular casts ... heme-granular casts ... #Casts #Differential
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Cl-: Diuretics, ... hyperaldosteronism • High PRA: Renal ... #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Causes
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
Primary Metabolic ... - Differential Diagnosis ... Cl-: Diuretics, ... hyperaldosteronism • High PRA: Renal ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Urine Output > 3L /day Water Diuresis (Urine Osm <100 mOsm/kg) • Primary
- Differential Diagnosis ... Relief of prolonged urinary ... Dl • Chronic Renal ... #Algorithm #causes ... #nephrology
Acute Kidney Injury - Differential Diagnosis Framework PRERENAL: - Intrarenal vasoconstriction-hemodynamically mediated - Systemic vasodilation - Volume
volume deficiency, Diuretics ... cell casts on UA ... tubular cell casts ... or pigmented casts ... treating underlying cause
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
A urine K/Cr ratio ... suggests extra-renal ... Alkalosis: Emesis, Diuretics ... #Hypokalemia #diagnosis ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
• 1ml blood/liter ... clots ➔ Lower Urinary ... hematuria: - RBC casts ... #nephrology #renal ... #urine #blood
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
• Ketones • Leukocyte ... • Urinary casts ... used with normal renal ... dipstick #nitrite #leucocyte-esterase ... #urine #UNa #casts
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
- Urinary Chloride ... • Normal/low blood ... the indicated causes ... #nephrology #differential ... #diagnosis
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