35 results
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium 
Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
Urinalysis & Urine ... exclusively on urine ... proteinuria as a disease ... • Ketones • Leukocyte ... dipstick #nitrite #leucocyte-esterase
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment
Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
and Treatment ... Measure urine osmolality ... Treatment: Treatment ... vaptans (HF/liver disease ... Differential #Diagnosis #Treatment
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Hypernatremia is almost always due to unreplaced water loss (free water
Hypernatremia - ... Hypernatremia ... history, exam, and urine ... DI; high dilute urine ... Dehydration: neurologic disease
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Atlas of Urine Microscopy ... also be seen if urine ... of glomerular disease ... • Leukocytes ... contamination #Urine
Hypertonic Saline for Treatment of Hyponatremic Encephalopathy
1) 100 ml bolus of 3% NaCl over 10 min.
Hypertonic Saline for Treatment ... of Hyponatremic ... L. 5) Monitor urine ... Hypertonic #Saline #Treatment ... management #protocol #hyponatremia
“Step by Step” – the new kid on the block – aims to risk stratify this
investigations and treatments ... >21 days - No leukocytes ... in urine - Procalcitonin
SIADH Treatment Options
1. Treat underlying cause of SIADH: Pain, Primary lung pathology, Post-operative phenomenon, Medications, Basically
SIADH Treatment ... 0.9% NS • If Urine ... Hypotension, Increased urine ... SIADH #Management #hyponatremia ... #nephrology #treatment
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
Weakness - Dark urine ... Hyperuricemia • Hyponatremia ... Treatment of underlying ... disease 2. ... hour with goal urine
Management of SIADH
Treat underlying cause:
 • Causes can include pain, primary lung pathology, post-operative phenomenon, medications,
Saline: • If Urine ... SIADH #Management #hyponatremia ... #nephrology #treatment
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
apatite plaque, Low urine ... duct plaque, Low urine ... recessive genetic disease ... phosphate: alkaline urine ... - Antiviral treatment