21 results
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm
Decreased renal potassium excretion
 • Acute renal failure
 • Chronic renal failure
 • Drugs
Increased
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm ... diet • Blood ... Normal, Renin High ... hypoplasia Aldosterone high ... Hyperkalemia #Diagnosis #algorithm
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... suggests extra-renal ... urinary losses: • High ... Blood Pressure:
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
Primary Metabolic ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Diuretics (late) • High ... Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... PRA: Renal artery
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... • Normal/low blood ... high in kidney ... of sodium and potassium ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Diuretics (late) • High ... Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... PRA: Renal artery
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Extra-renal Losses ... Low intake • Metabolic ... loss (Diarrhea) Renal ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... #causes #potassium
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Atlas of Urine Microscopy ... glomerular disease • Leukocytes ... - Up to 3 per high-power ... normal; >3 per high-power ... crystals may indicate metabolic
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine
Urine K+
Algorithm for patients ... the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... effective arterial blood ... #potassium #differential ... #algorithm #diagnosis
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... Crush injury • Blood ... infusions) - Metabolic ... Blood transfusion ... #high #nephrology
Blood gas analysis
Metabolic alkalosis
Measured urine CI
< 10 mEq/L
Saline responsive
> 10 mEg/L
Not saline responsive
- Vomiting or NG
Blood gas analysis ... Metabolic alkalosis ... Measured urine ... cause of H+ loss Renal ... Gitelman syndrome - Potassium