14 results
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Atlas of Urine Microscopy ... also be seen if urine ... glomerular disease • Leukocytes ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... contamination #Urine
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium 
Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
• Ketones • Leukocyte ... • Urinary casts ... used with normal renal ... dipstick #nitrite #leucocyte-esterase ... #urine #UNa #casts
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm ... treated with IV potassium ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... suggests extra-renal ... • Diarrhea A urine
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... • Normal/low blood ... Urine chloride is ... of sodium and potassium ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
and Diagnosis Algorithm ... proteinuria, RBC casts ... Nephrology for renal ... Hematuria #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... Workup #urology #blood
Blood gas analysis
Metabolic alkalosis
Measured urine CI
< 10 mEq/L
Saline responsive
> 10 mEg/L
Not saline responsive
- Vomiting or NG
Blood gas analysis ... Metabolic alkalosis ... Measured urine ... cause of H+ loss Renal ... Gitelman syndrome - Potassium
Blood Product Transfusions One Pager Summary
Type and screen - determines blood type and detects in recipient
Blood Product Transfusions ... flank pain, dark urine ... , DIC, hypoTN, renal ... Blood products contain ... potassium from
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary

Trauma:
 • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury
Exertional:
 •
, Heat stroke, Metabolic ... renal ischemia ... Cast formation: ... hour with goal urine ... Monitor potassium
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... development of metabolic ... Hyperchloremia nonanion gap metabolic ... blood flow and ... Decreased GFR, urine
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
Heat stroke - Metabolic ... Weakness - Dark urine ... UA positive for blood ... Cast formation: ... Monitor potassium