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diagnosis differential management hematology reactions alkalosis chloride comparison effects gitelman hyperkalemia hyponatremia k lactated lr normal ns pathophysiology pharmacology physiologic
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Algorithm Before ... suggests extra-renal ... urinary losses: • High ... Blood Pressure: ... #nephrology #low
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Extra-renal Losses ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
normal volume-based algorithm ... Urine Na+K / serum ... diuresis can be high ... Present (Uosm ≥100): Hypovolemia ... table #sodium #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... blood pressure: ... the indicated causes ... of sodium and potassium ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... Heat stroke - Metabolic ... UA positive for blood ... Monitor potassium ... #treatment #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
alkalosis • Normal or low ... blood pressure ... (renal potassium ... Hypocalciuria (spot urine ... Rhabdomyolysis Treatment
Blood Product Transfusions One Pager Summary Type and screen - determines blood type and detects in recipient
Blood Product Transfusions ... , DIC, hypoTN, renal ... High mortality. ... Blood products contain ... potassium from
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
lysis) ± Urine ... only if no clear cause ... acidosis) • Low ... Use gtt, NOT hypertonic ... #potassium #nephrology
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... densa receives high ... blood flow and ... Decreased GFR, urine
Blood Transfusion Reactions Immune Mediated: • Febrile Non-Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR): Most common immune reaction to transfusion.
flank pain, dark urine ... , DIC, hypoTN, renal ... High mortality. ... Blood products contain ... potassium from
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