28 results
Metformin Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action:
 • Suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver
 • Increases insulin-mediated glucose utilization
Metformin Pharmacology ... • Severe liver ... #Metformin #Pharmacology ... #Summary #DM2 # ... diabetes #endocrinology
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Comparison: • Primary ... Phosphate Physical Symptoms ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Primary Hyperthyroidism - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Note: Although rare, gestational diseases can lead to thyrotoxicosis due
Primary Hyperthyroidism ... Signs/Symptoms: ... Pretibial myxedema #Primary ... Hyperthyroidism #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and risk factors

 • Age > 30 (post-peak bone mass)
 • Post-menopausal women ->
IBD • Chronic liver ... Corticosteroid use • Primary ... #Osteoporosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
The “twin cycles” of diabetes, first introduced by Roy Taylor in 2008.  
#fatty liver #fatty
#fatty liver #fatty ... diabetes #t2d #dm2 ... insulin resistance #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
Growth Hormone: • Liver ... lipolysis Signs/Symptoms ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Primary Adrenal ... • Low-grade fever ... Androgens: • Symptoms ... physical: - Symptoms ... addisons #disease #endocrinology
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Anterior Cord Syndrome -> Anterior spinal artery
function below injury level ... Bladder retention -> Primarily ... hemicord lesion -> Primarily ... Syndromes #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Inpatient Medication Guide

Classes: Biguanide, Sulfonylurea, TZD, DPP-4 inhibitor, GLP-1 receptor agonist, SGLT2i,
insulin by ~20% • Never ... Diabetes #Mellitus #DM2 ... #Medications #pharmacology ... comparison #table #endocrinology
Lower Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

- Predisposing Factors:  Immunocompromised state, diabetes, elderly, female
epithelium and causing symptoms ... Signs/Symptoms ... - Dysuria - Fever ... UrinaryTractInfection #LUTI #Pathophysiology ... #Signs #Symptoms