38 results
Parinaud's Syndrome
What?
 - Impaired upgaze
 - Light-near dissociation
 - Convergence retraction nystagmus
 - Eyelid retraction (Collier's
Parinaud's Syndrome ... retraction (Collier's sign ... → "setting sun sign ... " - Vascular disease ... diagnosis #pineal #neurology
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
Kidney Injury - AKI Workup ... clinical context and signs ... syndrome: troponin ... #Injury #AKI #Workup ... Differential #Diagnosis #nephrology
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
Diagnosis and Workup ... HYPERVOLEMIC • CHF • liver ... • nephrotic syndrome ... Hypernatremia #Diagnosis #Workup ... #Algorithm #Nephrology
Parinaud's syndrome
What?
 • Light-near dissociation (tectal pupils)
 • Convergence retraction nystagmus
 • Eyelid retraction (Collier's sign)
Parinaud's syndrome ... retraction (Collier's sign ... "setting sun" sign ... • Vascular disease ... #neurology #diagnosis
Pulmonary Renal Syndrome

Definition: Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage + Glomerulonephritis
Presentation (Pulmonary and renal manifestations can occur weeks apart):
Pulmonary Renal ... Syndrome Definition ... (Pulmonary and renal ... Cough, Dyspnea, Fever ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Rule out spurious hyperphosphatemia: paraproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia, liposomal amphotericin
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia ... Rhabdomyolysis, Tumor lysis syndrome ... acidosis, DKA Kidney Disease ... CKD Increased Renal ... #phosphate #nephrology
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Anterior Cord Syndrome -> Anterior spinal artery
Anterior Cord Syndrome ... function below injury level ... • Central Cord Syndrome ... pathophysiology #signs ... #orthopedics #neurology
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
basement membrane disease ... - Alport syndrome ... hematuria • Signs ... of glomerular disease ... #nephrology #renal
NINDS Diagnostic Criteria for Guillain Barre Syndrome 
Features Required for Guillain-Barré Syndrome:
 • Progressive muscle weakness
sensory symptoms or signs ... dysfunction, Absence of fever ... Sharp sensory level ... nervous system signs ... diagnosis #criteria #neurology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Hypertension - Workup ... hypertension and signs ... bruit or signs ... disease: CKD, acute ... Neurologic disorders