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diagnosis nephrology management differential algorithm pharmacology hypokalemia table diuretics hyperkalemia medications metabolic alkalosis drugs endocrinology hematology hypercalcemia hypomagnesemia low nephron
Mechanisms of Loop Diuretic Action and Resistance. Panel A, loop diuretics circulate bound to protein. As
Mechanisms of Loop ... Diuretic Action ... Panel A, loop diuretics ... binding to sodium–potassium–chloride ... #Pathophysiology
Diuretics - Pharmacology Thiazides diuretics: • Inhibit Na+ Cl- cotransporter in distal tubule • Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide,
Metolazone Loop ... Piretanide Potassium ... Pharmacology #nephrology #conversion ... #loop #thiazide ... #classes
Hormones Acting on the Nephron - Diuretics and Their Site of Action 1) Acetazolamide 2) Osmotic
the Nephron - Diuretics ... mannitol) 3) Loop ... Diuretics (e.g. ... HCTZ) 5) Potassium-sparing ... spironolactone) #Pathophysiology
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... plasma insulin (treatment ... anhydrase inhibitors, loop ... syndrome (mimics loop ... #Hypokalemia #Causes
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
Hyperkalemia Treatment ... minutes) Decrease potassium ... Fluids Shift potassium ... renal function) - Loop ... diuretic (often
Causes of Hypomagnesemia Redistribution: - IV glucose - Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis - IV hyperalimentation - Refeeding
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... Saline or osmotic diuresis ... - Potassium depletion ... disease Drugs: - Loop ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Defining the cause ... Clinicians should also look ... Post-hypercapnia • Diuretics ... #nephrology #potassium
Cyanide Toxicity Treatment: 1) Hydroxocobalamin + Cyanide = Cyanocobalamin (nontoxic) or 2) Amyl nitrite
Cyanide Toxicity Treatment ... Amyl nitrite - causes ... thiosulfate enhances conversion ... Toxicity #Toxicology #Pathophysiology ... #Management #Treatment
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
• HTN Absent: Loop ... and thiazide diuretics ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low
Causes of Hypomagnesemia • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... Saline or osmotic diuresis ... , Potassium depletion ... disease • Drugs: Loop ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes
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