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diagnosis algorithm differential management chloride pathophysiology diuresis diuretics epilepticus excretion gitelman hyperkalemia hypernatremia hypochloremia hypokalemia hyponatremia hypotonic k kidney medications
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
mOsm/kg - Implies renal ... mechanism 2) Volume Status ... • Euvolemic (Low ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
• Normal/low ... Normal acid-base status ... settings, the urine sodium ... the excretion of sodium ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
Sodium loss (diuretics ... can be high or low ... Primary polydipsia), Low ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Cause - Decreased Intake: • Low salt in diet • Exclusive D5W
Decreased Intake: • Low ... - Metabolic alkalosis ... - Diarrhea • RENAL ... altered mental status ... Pathophysiology #Nephrology
Management of Pediatric Kidney Stones Acute Managment: • Pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids • Facilitating passage of stone:
Management of Pediatric ... protein - Low ... sodium diet ... Monitoring for extra-renal ... #nephrology #nephrolithiasis
Management of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in children Stabilization Phase (Seizure 0-5 minutes): • Check and maintain ABC
• Give high flow ... Consider CBC, renal ... IV Thiopental Sodium ... seizure #Management #neurology ... #pediatrics #peds
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... • Metabolic alkalosis ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology # ... Medications #Table
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... thiazide-sensitive sodium ... • Normal or low ... • Hypokalemia (renal ... Syndrome #diagnosis #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
15 suggests ↓ renal ... Elimination (see Table ... Optimize volume status ... acidosis) • Low ... Treatment #potassium #nephrology
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