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diagnosis nephrology management causes high hypokalemia pathophysiology syndrome treatment acidosis algorithm aniongap continuous criticalcare crrt crystalloids diuresis diuretics druginduced encephalopathy
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren) • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia ... • Exogenous (KCL ... #differential # ... pathophysiology #pharmacology ... #potassium #medications
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... • NSAIDs • ACE ... infusions) - Metabolic ... Medications 2. ... #differential #
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... • NSAIDs • ACE ... infusions) - Metabolic ... Medications 2. ... #differential #
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Non-anion Gap Metabolic ... Potassium-sparing ... ACE-Is and ARBs ... aniongap #NonGap #Metabolic ... #Acidosis #differential
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) - Overview Types of CRRT • CVVHD - Continuous Veno-Venous hemodialysis -
Continuous Renal ... Therapy (CRRT) - Overview ... electrolytes (essentially hyperkalemia ... correction of metabolic ... 4K, 2K, or 0K (all
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential ... Heat stroke - Metabolic ... urine output: 200 ml ... Monitor potassium ... Rhabdomyolysis #Differential
The crusade against “Ab”Normal Saline continues. This is a non-physiologic fluid that can harm our
its Chloride (Cl ... are balanced by Cl ... high amount of Cl ... the ECF causes Hyperkalemia ... The high CL- content
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome Overview ... (renal potassium ... Hypochloremic metabolic ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... Sjögren syndrome, Renal
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
resistance • Metabolic ... Inhibitors of Na+K+2Cl ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Diuresis #Nephrology #Pharmacology ... #Medications #Table
Pragmatic diagnostic algorithm for hypokalemia. ***Typical presentations: • Vomiting: urine Na/Cl > 1.6, low urine
1.6, low urine Cl ... 0.7, high urine Cl ... correcting serum potassium ... Other medications ... #diagnosis #differential
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