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diagnosis nephrology algorithm causes chloride hypokalemia metabolic urinary abg acidbase ammonia anemia base bloodgas criticalcare disorders diuresis diuretics encephalopathy excretion
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Hypokalemia Differential ... , glycyrrhizic acid ... Normotensive: • UCl ... Post-hypercapnia • UCl ... #causes #low #potassium
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Chloride Algorithm Cl ... Kidney loss of Cl ... • Loss of Cl- ... Cystic fibrosis Cl ... of sodium and potassium
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
Urinary Chloride • Cl ... Kidney loss of Cl ... - Loss of Cl ... Cystic fibrosis) • Cl ... poisoning • Normal acid-base
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 2.
Acid Base Disorders ... (AG) = {Na - (Cl ... D D-lactate (short ... bowel syndrome, ... ABG #bloodgas #Acid
Schematic representation of the major sources of ammonia production and its excretory pathway (GI = gastrointestinal,
- Valproic acid ... , AML - Large ... rare): - Reye syndrome ... deficiency #Ammonia #Pathophysiology ... Hyperammonemia #Differential
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
Hypocalciuria (spot ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... Supplement: • Potassium ... diagnosis #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
• Metabolic alkalosis ... disequilibrium syndrome ... irrigation • Management ... Inhibitors of Na+K+2Cl ... Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid
There are similarities and differences between these 3 conditions which all carry treatment implications. Each mimic
mobilizes fatty acids ... for Refeeding Syndrome ... provided the starting potassium ... #diagnosis #differential ... #algorithm #management
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) What? Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly
Pinpoint-sized red spots ... Myelogenous Leukemia (CML ... vitamin B12 or folic acid ... blood count with differential ... progression to AML
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by: • Headache • Seizures • Altered mental
Etiology: • Pathophysiology ... Anterior circulation: MCA ... ACA watershed territories ... Reversible course Differential ... #diagnosis #management
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