9 results
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
AVMs, Hepatopulmonary ... , Interstitial Lung ... #alveolar #arterial ... #pulmonary #Hypoxia ... #hypoxemia #differential
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS) 

HPS-differential diagnosis:
1. Pulmonary vasculature
2. Diseases of the lung parenchyma
3. Pleura and diaphragm

HPS-diagnosis:
1. Patients
Hepatopulmonary ... Diseases of the lung ... Alveolar-arterial ... oxygen gradient ... HPS-severity classification
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
: Interstitial lung ... direction leads to hypoxemia ... AVMs, hepatopulmonary ... shunting (eg, atrial ... Respiratory #Failure #hypoxia
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome - Diagnosis and Management Summary
A defect in arterial oxygenation due to a gas exchange
Hepatopulmonary ... upright position • Hypoxemia ... blood gas (ABC) ... Quantifies degree of hypoxemia ... 80mmHg or A-a gradient
Clinical Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension

1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension from pulmonary vasculopathy
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Heritable gene mutations
Clinical Classification ... Pulmonary arterial ... arterial hypertension ... and/or hypoxia ... Interstitial lung
Pulmonary Hypertension Groups - WHO Classification
Group I - Vascular remodeling of pulmonary arteries
 • Idiopathic, HIV,
Groups - WHO Classification ... arteries • Idiopathic ... III - Chronic lung ... disease causing hypoxemia ... PH Functional Classification
Bronchiectasis - Summary

What?
• Bronchiectasis is derived from the Greek words bronckos meaning airway and ectasis meaning
Chronic cough • Hypoxia ... polycythemia from chronic hypoxia ... in the adjacent lung ... of the affected lung ... CT) • Broncho-arterial
Blood Transfusion Reactions

Immune Mediated:
 • Febrile Non-Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR): Most common immune reaction to transfusion.
recipient antibodies leading ... Related Acute Lung ... Injury (TRALI): Leading ... progressing to severe hypoxemia ... RBCs (stored at
Blood Product Transfusions One Pager Summary
Type and screen - determines blood type and detects in recipient
Related Acute Lung ... Injury (TRALI): Leading ... progressing to severe hypoxemia ... - Bacterial ... RBCs (stored at