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causes metabolic hyperkalemia high management algorithm aniongap classification diuresis diuretics elevation gitelman hypokalemia k lactate lactic nagma nonaniongap nongap normal
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
• Diabetic ketoacidosis ... Urine chloride is ... of sodium and potassium ... #nephrology #differential ... #diagnosis
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
: Differential Diagnosis ... respiratory acidosis ... diuretics after renal ... other • Severe potassium ... #nephrology
Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup NAGMA - Chem, ABG or VBG - Calculate Anion
Diagnosis Framework ... - Renal • Urine ... Chloride Intoxication ... Surgical drains - Chronic ... #nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis: Diabetic ... Renal acidosis ... Potassium-sparing ... #differential # ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
(Uncontrolled diabetes ... - Metabolic acidosis ... Excretion: • ... Medications 2. ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
(Uncontrolled diabetes ... - Metabolic acidosis ... Excretion: • ... Medications 2. ... #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
Hypocalciuria (spot urine ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... tubular acidosis ... #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Excretion Carbonic ... • Metabolic alkalosis ... disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology ... #Medications #Table
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Etiology: • Medications ... lysis) ± Urine ... STOP offending medications ... Management #Treatment #potassium ... #nephrology #K
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
- Differential ... from the blood by excretion ... (e.g., urine, sweat ... • Type B1: - Diabetes ... - HIV/HAART medications
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