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diagnosis differential msk neurology extremity knee leg rheumatology algorithm autoimmune cauda caudaequina classification clinical cord dermatomes dislocation disorders effusions injury
Cauda Equina Syndrome Overview Cauda Equina Syndrome: • Prevalence: 1:33,000-100,000 ppl/yr • Incidence: 1.5-3.4 million ppl/yr •
Cauda Equina Syndrome ... due to severe compression ... - Emergency Causes ... lumbar stenosis • Vascular ... #diagnosis #causes
Lower Extremity Dermatomes and Myotomes Reflexes: • Knee - L2, L3, L4 • Ankle - S1
Conditions: • Cauda Equina ... Syndrome - Low ... Commonly caused ... fracture or prolonged compression ... stopping walking (vascular
Leg Pain - Differential Diagnosis Framework Bone/Joint Causes of Leg Pain: • Fracture • Arthritis • Gout/pseudogout
• Fracture • Arthritis ... • Arthritis ... stenosis/nerve compression ... Herpes zoster - HIV ... extremity #msk #physicalexam
Causes of Knee Effusions - Differential Diagnosis Framework Knee Effusion Red Flags: 1. Fever/Chills/Joint pain/Night sweats/Weight loss - DDX: -
Causes of Knee Effusions ... Seronegative Reactive Syndrome ... Ligamentous injuries - Meniscal ... Knee #Effusions #causes ... diagnosis #msk #physicalexam
Spinal Cord Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Framework Spinal cord neurological lesion: Clinical findings: • Symptoms and signs below
roots -> Cauda equina ... Spinal Cord Causes ... Viral: VZV, HSV, HIV ... Vascular/Blockage ... MCTD, Sjogren syndrome
Vasculitis and Vasculitides - Differential Diagnosis Framework When to Consider Vasculitis: • Purpura, ischemic skin lesions •
tract, and often causes ... and bullous or vesicular ... • Cogan Syndrome ... retinopathy Lab Tests ... Cryoglobulins • HIV
Posterior Knee Dislocation Injury Specifically, POSTERIOR KNEE DISLOCATIONS can have significant associated injury that needs unique approach
DISLOCATION: ~25% cases ... nerve injury (25%) TEST ... Check hip and ankle ... Compartment syndrome ... special ligament/meniscus
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 Autoimmune Myositis - Differential Diagnosis Framework Inflammatory Myopathies: Commonly symmetric proximal muscle weakness, no substantial muscle pain
Diagnostic Tests ... weakness + atrophy- Hip ... • Nonerosive arthritis ... statins - probably caused ... muscle disease/muscular
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