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diagnosis potassium differential management pathophysiology algorithm complications diabetes diabeticketoacidosis endocrinology gout hematology hyperuricemia hypokalemia k leukostasis low lysis sarcoidosis signs
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal causes ... urinary losses: • High ... RTA, Distal RTA, DKA ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
phlebotomy High ... diuretics • NSAIDs ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high ... #nephrology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Ketoacidosis (DKA ... diffusion of K+ out of cells ... may cause serum ... To prevent hypokalemia ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
phlebotomy High ... diuretics • NSAIDs ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
K+, ACEi/ARBs, NSAIDs ... ↓insulin (DM, DKA ... only if no clear cause ... Drives K+ into cells ... Treatment #potassium #nephrology
Hyperuricemia: Pathogenesis and Complications - Hypercalcemia (due to diseases like Sarcoidosis and Hyperparathyroidism) -> Accumulation of
Complications - Hypercalcemia ... WBCs, and skin cells ... Incr Breakdown of DNA ... Release of purine bases ... of abnormally high
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
immature blasts and high ... WBC count cause ... WBC >100k, + lab signs ... Lysis of tumor cells ... hydration - Hyperkalemia
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary Epidemiology 1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
Epidemiology 1) High ... tissue: Epithelioid cells ... hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... symptoms are not caused ... Diagnosis #Management #Signs
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