29 results
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
Hematuria: Red/Dark urine ... 1ml blood/liter urine ... more RBC/HPF spun urine ... examination of urine ... RBC - Brown urine
Lower Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

- Predisposing Factors:  Immunocompromised state, diabetes, elderly, female
urethra), stagnant urine ... systems, or stagnant urine ... repetitive outward urine ... Tenderness - Urine ... ) Foul, turbid urine
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
differential, urine ... dipstick, urine ... clinical context and signs ... Myeloma: serum / urine ... blood culture, urine
Causes of Urinary Incontinence - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 - Transient - Easily reversible cause (DIAPPERS)
Causes of Urinary ... Easily reversible cause ... • Excessive urine ... large leakage of urine ... Contraction - Signs
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
out of cells may cause ... renal function/urine ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Upper Urinary Tract infection (UUTI): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Predisposing Factors:
 - Immunocompromised, Diabetes,
 - Elderly, Female
) - Stagnant urine ... system, stagnant urine ... UrinaryTractInfection #UUTI #Pathophysiology ... #Signs #Symptoms
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (21-OHD): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Autosomal recessive mutation in CYP21A2 coding for the enzyme 21-OHase
enzyme 21-OHase causes ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... non-arousable, decr urine ... #21HydroxylaseDeficiency #21OHD #pathophysiology ... #genetics #endocrinology
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Causes:
 • Large lumbar degenerative disc herniation (central)
 • Severe lumbar spondylosis
 • Neoplasm
Equina Syndrome Causes ... etc) in lumbar spine ... Signs / Symptoms ... Syndrome #MSK #pathophysiology ... diagnosis #symptoms #signs
Growth Hormone Excess - Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Acromegaly and gigantism share the same pathophysiology
share the same pathophysiology ... • Other rare causes ... Overproduction #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
SGLT2 Inhibitors 
SGLT2 inhibitors are the newest class of anti-diabetic medications, with the first one (Canagliflozin)
kidney), which causes ... glucose in the urine ... excretion in the urine ... DM2 #Diabetes #Endocrinology