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nephrology differential algorithm pathophysiology anticoagulation bulimianervosa causes chloride citrate complications defects diuresis diuretics epithelial excretion gitelman heat heatstroke hypokalemia hyponatremia
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Differential Diagnosis ... • Euvolemic (Low ... , Cushing syndrome ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... Algorithm #nephrology #sodium
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
• Normal/low ... diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... the excretion of sodium ... #differential #diagnosis
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter Bartter
cell epithelial sodium ... of epithelial sodium ... renal tubular acidosis ... Kidney #Nephrology #Diagnosis ... #Differential #Table
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
: SIADH, Renal Sodium ... can be high or low ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... #table #sodium
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... • Normal or low ... Renal tubular acidosis ... tachycardia • Seizures ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework Heat Cramps: • Muscle pain or spasm -
- Differential Diagnosis ... Dehydration - Loss of sodium ... conditions - Neurogenic ... heat illness → Hypernatremia ... consciousness, Coma/seizure
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
• Metabolic alkalosis ... • Diagnosis of ... • Hyponatremia ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... #Medications #Table
Citrate Anticoagulation Toxicity Hypernatremia (HyperNa): - Citrate solutions may have ↑ sodium content and should be paired
Anticoagulation Toxicity Hypernatremia ... Anion-Gap Metabolic Acidosis ... dysfunction or low ... metabolism Metabolic alkalosis ... toxicology #nephrology #diagnosis
Bulimia Nervosa: Complications GASTROINTESTINAL • Dehydration & inability to digest food -> Constipation • Recurrent vomiting exposes
• Boerhaave syndrome ... hormonal imbalances (low ... lead to metabolic alkalosis ... lead to metabolic acidosis ... pathophysiology #diagnosis
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