38 results
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis - GOLDMARK

Glycols - ethylene and propylene glycol
Oxoproline
High Anion Gap Metabolic ... during hypoxic metabolism ... salicylate toxicity causes ... #Anion #Gap #Metabolic ... GOLDMARK #mnemonic #nephrology
Causes of HyperKalemia - Differential Diagnosis
Increased extracellular K+:
 • Tissue injury
 • Hemolysis
 • Rhabdomyolysis
 •
Causes of HyperKalemia ... K+: • Tissue injury ... lysis syndrome • Metabolic ... glycosides • High ... blockers - MCW Nephrology
Causes of Neuromuscular Weakness
 • Spinal Cord: Demyelinating Disease (MS), Epidural abscess, Infarction, Syringomyelia, Tetanus, Transverse
Causes of Neuromuscular ... Transverse Myelitis, Trauma ... Phrenic nerve injury ... Malnutrition, Metabolic ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Diuretics (late) • High ... hyperaldosteronism • High ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Causes
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Acute tubular injury ... - Up to 3 per high-power ... acute tubular injury ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... key #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Low intake • Metabolic ... Renal Losses: • Metabolic ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... potassium #low #nephrology
Causes of Seizures - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Unprovoked - Epilepsy:
 • Focal: Simple, Complex
 • Generalized: Absence,
Causes of Seizures ... Traumatic brain injury ... Neurocysticercosis, PML • Metabolic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #neurology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... /Crush injury ... infusions) - Metabolic ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
GI Losses - Gastric
 • Vomiting
 • NG suction
GI
Causes of Metabolic ... Renin, High Aldosterone ... Tumor Low Renin, High ... MetabolicAlkalosis #NonGap #Nephrology ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
0.8 Normal + High ... 0.8-2.0 Pure High ... of High Anion Gap ... Acetazolamide Causes ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology