569 results
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Lactated Ringers ... 28 mEq/L • Osmolarity ... 154 mEq/L • Osmolarity ... shift • Saline Causes ... • Saline May Cause
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... /L High Urine Osmolality ... glucosuria Low Urine Osmolality ... #Causes
Pathophysiology Based Approach to Hyponatremia - Diagnostic Algorithm

Not the "classic" Volume based approach. 

#Hyponatremia #Algorithm #Pathophysiology
Hyponatremia - Diagnostic Algorithm ... #Hyponatremia #Algorithm ... Nephrology #UOsm #Osmolality
Crystalloid Composition - Normal Saline, Ringer's Lactate, Hartmann's Solution, PlasmaLyte

Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- 
Acetate 
Lactate 
Gluconate 
Bicarbonate
Saline, Ringer's Lactate ... Cl- Acetate Lactate ... Bicarbonate Osmolarity ... #LR #Ringers #Lactated
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
Check plasma osmolality ... NORMAL PLASMA OSMOLALITY ... DECREASED PLASMA OSMOLALITY ... INCREASED PLASMA OSMOLALITY ... Diagnosis #Workup #Algorithm
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min)
Osmotic
Causes of Polyuria ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Diuresis Urine Osmolality ... > Serum Osmolality ... #Causes
Calculating Plasma Osmolality and Osmolal Gap

Calculated Osmolality = 2 x Na  + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8
Calculating Plasma Osmolality ... Calculated Osmolality ... Gap = Calculated Osmolality ... - Measured Osmolality ... Causes of Elevated
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria = >3L Urine output / 24 hours
Urine osmolality = 2 (Na
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... 24 hours Urine osmolality ... /18 HIGH urine osmolality ... Azotemia LOW urine osmolality ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid 
ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... retention 1) Serum Osmolarity ... 2) Urine Osmolarity ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body water
electrolyte abnormality caused ... Measuring the serum osmolality ... among the possible causes ... lower than 80% in cases ... in blood urea causes