35 results
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
) PIO2 - atmospheric ... O2 is inspired) PAO2 ... Low SvO2 → Low PaO2 ... #pulmonary #differential ... diagnosis #causes #pathophysiology
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
Intracardiac, Pulmonary ... V/Q Mismatch: Pulmonary ... , Atelectasis, Pulmonary ... Diffusion Defect: Pulmonary ... #Hypoxia #hypoxemia
Hypoxemia vs Hypoxia
Hypoxemia - Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) is below normal
Hypoxia - Insufficient oxygen
Hypoxemia vs Hypoxia ... Hypoxemia - Partial ... arterial oxygen (PaO2 ... compensate for low PaO2 ... diagnosis #comparison #pulmonary
Causes of Hypoxemia- Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Ventilation/perfusion Mismatch
 • Airway Disease (Asthma, COPD)
 • Vascular (PE*)
 •
Causes of Hypoxemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... lung disease • Pulmonary ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Causes #Pulmonary
Acid Base and Blood Gas Analysis
1. pH - What’s the primary disturbance?
2. pCO2 - What’s the
2. pCO2 - What’s ... the pCO2? ... Medications, Central, ↑ CO2 ... alkalosis drive • Hypoxemia ... acidbase #workup #algorithm
Hypoxemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm by A-a Gradient

Normal A-a Gradient:
 • ↓ Atmospheric pressure
 • Hypoventilation: CNS
Hypoxemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... #Hypoxia #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #pulmonary #Aa
Hypoxemia / Hypoxia - Rapid Response Management Algorithm

Stridor - Upper airway pathology:
 • Anaphylaxis
 • Foreign
Hypoxemia / Hypoxia ... Response Management Algorithm ... pneumonia • Water: pulmonary ... Diagnosis #Management #Algorithm ... #rapid #pulmonary
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Left Shift (↓ O2 unloading to tissue), Left = Lower:
 • ↓ H+ (↑
+ (↑ pH) • ↓ PCO2 ... + (Acid) • ↑ PCO2 ... Dissociation #Curve #pathophysiology ... #pulmonary #respiratory
Basics of Waveform Capnography
Waveform capnography assesses ventilation by monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide
Can use measurement and morphology
cycle to uncover pathophysiology ... data regarding pulmonary ... pathophysiology ... output state - Pulmonary ... patterns #diagnosis #pulmonary
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
35-45 mmHg • PaO2 ... Metabolic: pH pCO2 ... , pain, fever, hypoxia ... Classically” noted with pulmonary ... with associated hypoxia