107 results
Hypermagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism
Renal Failure 
Excessive Mg Administration 
 - Massive PO intake
- Excessive IV ... Mechanisms - Tumor ... lysis syndrome ... Differential #Diagnosis #High ... Magnesium #Table #Causes
Causes of Knee Effusions - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Knee Effusion Red Flags:
1. Fever/Chills/Joint pain/Night sweats/Weight loss
	- DDX:
		-
Causes of Knee Effusions ... Osteoarthritis - Overuse syndrome ... Seronegative Reactive Syndrome ... - Giant cell tumor ... #causes #differential
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
: High altitude ... gas equation • Causes ... obesity-hypoventilation syndrome ... , OSA DIFFUSION ... hepatopulmonary syndrome
Gynecomastia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
No Testicular Mass on Ultrasound
 • Adrenal Neoplasm
 • Increased Extraglomerular Aromatase
Testicular Mass on Ultrasound ... Testicular Mass on Ultrasound ... Klinefelter's Syndrome ... • Kallman's Syndrome ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
SAME, Cushing Syndrome ... • HTN, High Aldosterone ... Renin secreting tumor ... , Gitelman syndrom ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Causes of Back Pain - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Always assess for red flags. If no red flags,
Causes of Back Pain ... age >50, <18, IV ... nocturnal pain, high ... • Fracture • Tumor ... • Cauda Equina Syndrome
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Diuretics (late) • High ... , Gitelman Syndrome ... hyperaldosteronism • High ... Renin-secreting tumor ... Algorithm #Nephrology #Causes
Hypoglycemia Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Workup:
 • Sulfonylurea Labs
 • Anti-lnsulin Ab - Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome
 •
Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome ... with high tumor ... metabolic demand causes ... +hrs - 1mg IV ... Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertensive:
 • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism
 • High Al, High
Hypertensive: • High ... aldosteronism • High ... Al, High R - Secondary ... Renin-secreting tumor ... Algorithm #nephrology #causes
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis and Screening Testing
Common causes: 
 • Renal parenchymal disease
disease - Renal ultrasound ... Duplex Doppler ultrasound ... saline infusion ... • Cushing’s syndrome ... Mineralocorticoid excess syndromes