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Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
O2 is inspired) PAO2 ... reaches the alveoli) PaO2 ... Low SvO2 → Low PaO2 ... sepsis) - High PaO2 ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Markers of Organ Dysfunction in Severe Sepsis 
Altered consciousness 
Confusion 
Psychosis 

Tachycardia 
Hypotension 
Altered CVP 
Altered
Altered CVP Altered PAOP ... Tachypnoea PaO2 ... <70mmHg SaO2 < ... 90% PaO2/FiO2 300% ... Severe #Sepsis #CriticalCare
Acid-Base Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Acidemia (pH < 7.35)
 • Metabolic Acidosis (HCO3 < 24mmol/L) CO2
Acid-Base Disorders ... Respiratory Acidosis (pCO2 ... Respiratory Alkalosis (pCO2 ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acid Base Disorders ... 7.35-7.45 • PaCO2 ... 35-45 mmHg • PaO2 ... Metabolic: pH pCO2 ... ABG #bloodgas #Acid
PLACO Mnemonic - Approach to Acid-Base Disorders
P - Determine the pH
L - Labs: PCO2 & HCO3
A
- Approach to Acid-Base ... pH L - Labs: PCO2 ... PLACO #AcidBase #Acid
Acid-Base Balance & ABG Normal Ranges Visualization #AcidBase #ABG #Medicine #Physiology #CriticalCare
Base Excess BE -2 to
Acid-Base Balance ... Medicine #Physiology #CriticalCare ... metabolic acidosis), paCO2 ... HCO3+Cl) 10-18 paO2
Acid-Base Balance & ABG Normal Ranges Visualization #AcidBase #ABG #Medicine #Physiology #CriticalCare
Base Excess BE -2 to
Acid-Base Balance ... Medicine #Physiology #CriticalCare ... metabolic acidosis), paCO2 ... HCO3+Cl) 10-18 paO2
Acid Base Disorders Worksheet

Step 1: Gather the necessary data (Na+, CI-, HCO3-, PH, pCO2). Preferably, all
Acid Base Disorders ... CI-, HCO3-, PH, pCO2 ... 3: Look at the pCO2 ... . 3a: If pCO2 ... joshsteinbergMD #Acid
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Left Shift (↓ O2 unloading to tissue), Left = Lower:
 • ↓ H+ (↑
+ (↑ pH) • ↓ PCO2 ... tissue): • ↑ H+ (Acid ... ) • ↑ PCO2 •
Berlin Criteria for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 
- Respiratory symptoms must have begun within one
inspired oxygen (PaO2 ... - 200 mm Hg < PaO2 ... - 100 mm Hg < PaO2 ... H2O - Severe - PaO2 ... Criteria #Diagnosis #CriticalCare