62 results
Reflex Testing - Causes of Hyporeflexia and Hyperreflexia
Focal Hyporeflexia: 
 • Radiculopathy, Mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathy, Acute stroke,
Reflex Testing - Causes ... Hyporeflexia: • Hypercalcemia ... , Hypermagnesemia ... Hyperreflexia: • Hypocalcemia ... , Hypomagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia - Differential Diagnosis
Renal Causes of Hypomagnesemia - Familial:
Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome, Isolated recessive hypomagnesemia,
Hypomagnesemia - ... of Hypomagnesemia ... with secondary, hypocalcemia ... Hypomagnesemia ... pentamidine), Hypercalcemia
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL)
Neuromuscular manifestations 
 • Tremor, tetany, seizures 
 • Weakness
Hypomagnesemia ( ... metabolism • Hypocalcemia ... • Hypoparathyroidism ... • Parathyroid ... calcitriol #Hypomagnesemia
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Increased magnesium load
 - Magnesium-containing laxatives, antacids, or enemas
 - Treatment of pre-edampsia/eclampsia (mothers
Causes of Hypermagnesemia ... absorption - Hyperparathyroidism ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Addison's disease) #Hypermagnesemia ... #Causes #diagnosis
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Malnutrition with Hypomagnesemia ... (CaSR) • Hypomagnesemia ... Low PTH • Hypoparathyroidism ... Poisoning #Hypocalcemia
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid hormone–dependent ... Primary hyperparathyroidism ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... #Causes #Differential
Causes of Altered Level of Consciousness GCS < 7 - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Brain Involvement - Hemispheric
Causes of Altered ... • Hypermagnesemia ... Hyponatremia • Hypocalcemia ... • Hypomagnesemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Hypocalcemia Laboratory Evaluation

Serum levels of PTH, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate between
Hypocalcemia Laboratory ... disorders causing hypocalcemia ... : - Hypoparathyroidism ... activating mutation - Parathyroid ... Laboratory #Levels #Hyperparathyroidism
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... disease • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism ... #Causes #endocrinology
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Extravascular: Pancreatitis, surgery, acute phosphate intake and renal
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... Hyperphosphatemia, Low PTH: Hypoparathyroidism ... contrast agents • Hypomagnesemia ... @kdjhaveri #Hypocalcemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes