100 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid hormone–dependent ... Primary hyperparathyroidism ... Neoplasms - Parathyroid ... Hypercalcemia #Causes
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid gland ... structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... disease • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism ... Hypercalcemia #Causes
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Low Serum Mg: GI losses, Renal losses, Alcoholism, Malnutrition, Drug-Induced
Elevated - Secondary Hyperparathyroidism ... Inappropriately Normal/Low - Hypoparathyroidism ... Destruction of parathyroid ... sunlight • Other Causes ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Hyperparathyroidism ... • Secondary Hyperparathyroidism ... Phosphate Physical Symptoms ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of Primary hyperparathyroidism
#Pathophysiology #PrimaryHyperparathyroidism #Parathyroid gland #Hyperparathyroidism
The pathophysiology ... of Primary hyperparathyroidism ... #Pathophysiology ... PrimaryHyperparathyroidism #Parathyroid ... gland #Hyperparathyroidism
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL)
Neuromuscular manifestations 
 • Tremor, tetany, seizures 
 • Weakness
Hypocalcemia • Hypoparathyroidism ... • Parathyroid ... Hypomagnesemia #Signs #Symptoms
Radial Fracture Due to Parathyroid Carcinoma- ...A plain radiograph of the left arm showed a diaphyseal
Fracture Due to Parathyroid ... diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism ... which is a rare cause ... of primary hyperparathyroidism ... radial #fracture #hyperparathyroidism
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... by Clinical Cause ... illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism ... disease - Secondary hyperparathyroidism ... #Hypocalcemia #Causes
Pseudogout: pathogenesis and clinical findings
 - Idiopathic (vast majority of cases) -> Mechanism unknown
 - Familial
vast majority of cases ... production - Hyperparathyroidism ... Incr levels of parathyroid ... Disease #Signs #Symptoms ... #Pathophysiology
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO): Pathogenesis and clinical findings

#CentralRetinalVein #Occlusion #CRVO #pathophysiology #ophthalmology #diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Occlusion #CRVO #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms