15 results
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
→ Refer to Nephrology ... and referral to Urology ... cystoscopy • Refer to Nephrology ... Algorithm #Workup #urology ... #blood #urine
Differentiation Between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome 
== Nephrotic Syndrome ==
Onset - Insidious 
Edema - ++++
Blood
- Normal/low Proteinuria ... - ++++ Hematuria ... - ++ Hematuria ... edgarvlermamd - Nephrology ... Comparison #Table #Nephrology
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
urine • 1ml blood ... Brown urine - Proteinuria ... and SMA - Can cause ... #urology #nephrology ... #renal #urine #blood
Glomerular Diseases - Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes

Nephritic syndrome—due to GBM disruption. 
Hypertension. t BUN and creatinine.
syndrome—due to GBM ... hematuria. ... RBC casts in urine ... Proteinuria often ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis
Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis of Macroscopic Hematuria
Important Historical Elements:
- Painless: suggests malignancy
- Painful: suggests calculi/infection
- Urinalysis:
of Macroscopic Hematuria ... RBC’s, RBC/WBC casts ... , proteinuria suggest ... prostatic) #Diagnosis #EM ... #IM #Urology #Hematuria
Algorithm - Approach to the differential diagnosis of the patient presenting with overt glomerular proteinuria. CMV
Cytomegalovirus; GBM ... content [85].2>5 red blood ... Nephrocalcinosis causes ... Hematuria may be ... nephrotic #syndrome #nephrology
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
ANCA, ANA, Anti-GBM ... cryoglobulins, hepatitis serology ... , HIV serology, ... Differential #Diagnosis #nephrology ... #causes
CNS Ring-Enhancing Lesions - Immunocompromised vs Immunocompetent
Multiple Ring-Enhancing Lesions:
 • Toxoplasmosis (CD4 < 100)
 • Other
toxo IgG • CNS PCR ... granulomatosis: • EBV-associated ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #radiology #neurology
CNS Infections - Viral Encephalitis and Bacterial Meningitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Viral Encephalitis:
MCC: Enteroviruses (e.g., coxsackievirus
virus • CMV • EBV ... Photophobia • Nausea ... , photophobia, nausea ... culture or by serology ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
CNS Infection in HIV / AIDS - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Principles of HIV-Associated CNS Opportunistic Infections:
 •
status, and focal neurologic ... Demyelinating disease caused ... effect/Edema • EBV ... confusion, and focal neurologic ... InfectiousDiseases #Neurology