13 results
Pivot-Shift Test in ACL-deficient Knee

This patient has pathologic varus alignment across the knee and a chronic
Pivot-Shift Test ... the knee and a chronic ... be performing a high-tibial ... #PivotShift #test ... #ACLTear #clinical
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Once pseudohypokalemia is ruled out, causes of hypokalemia can be
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... pseudohypokalemia is ruled out ... , causes of hypokalemia ... (transcellular shift
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary - Over-production
     • Increased turnover of nucleotides
Primary
) • Chronic ... Drug-induced • High ... Sarcoidosis • Hypercalcemia ... • Alcohol #gout ... endocrinology #causes
Emergency Management of Hyperkalemia in Adults
Assess Patient - Airway Breathing Circulation Disability Exposure (ABCDE) Approach
 •
mmol/L - Consider cause ... guided by clinical ... Gluconate IV Shift ... Prevention - Consider cause ... #management #algorithm
Hyperkalemia Management Algorithm
 • Treat the cause & optimize hemodynamics and ventilation
 • Reconsider treatment leadingto
Algorithm • Treat ... the cause & optimize ... • Reconsider treatment ... Intracellular K+ Shift ... #high
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... • NSAIDs • ACE ... Intracellular Shift ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
phlebotomy High ... • NSAIDs • ACE ... Intracellular Shift ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #potassium #high
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... extracellular shift ... Chronic kidney disease ... Chronic kidney disease ... Differential #Diagnosis #High
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Inhibitors of Na+K+2Cl ... Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment
The crusade against “Ab”Normal Saline continues.  This is a non-physiologic fluid that can harm our
we introduce a high ... K+ in the ECF causes ... Hyperkalemia, a ... The high CL- content ... management #diagnosis #treatment