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Traditionally, congestive heart failure has been classified according to severity of symptoms, first formulated by the
STAGES of CHF (A ... Stage D CHF is frequently ... #Diagnosis #Cardiology ... #CHF #Congestive ... Classes #NYHA #ACCAHA
Stages in the development of HF and recommended therapy by stage. ACEI indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor;
therapy by stage ... disease; CRT, cardiac ... #CHF #Congestive ... #ACCAHA #Algorithm ... #Management #Cardiology
STAGES of CHF (A, B, C, D), however, describe the severity of structural abnormalities that impair
STAGES of CHF (A ... Stage D CHF is frequently ... Treatments may include: cardiac ... #CHF #Congestive ... #ACCAHA #Algorithm
In order to better classify heart failure, the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American
through D of the ACC ... But now the ACC/ ... show symptoms or signs ... #CHF #Congestive ... Classes #NYHA #ACCAHA
Heart failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)
Clinical Presentation
1. Typical symptoms: dyspnea, orthopnea paroxysmal noctumal dyspnea, fatigue,
Heart failure with ... of congestion ( ... congestion. 2. ... Consider cardiac ... diagnosis #management #cardiology
It is important to recognize Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) as more than just simply a
Decompensated Heart ... Signs of congestion ... Cardiac cath if ... #diagnosis #differential ... #heartfailure #chf
Increased pulmonary venous pressure is related to the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and can be
be graded into stages ... in congestive heart ... #Diagnosis #Radiology ... #CHF #CXR #Stages ... #Findings #Signs
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
Post-operative state ... thiamine) Late: • Cardiac ... decompensation (CHF ... Delirium DDX: • Congestive ... heart failure
Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema - Differential Diagnosis Framework

NCPE Pathophysiology:
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs because of excessive pulmonary capillary
Pulmonary Edema - Differential ... lack of acute cardiac ... Pulmonary vascular congestion ... distribution • Heart ... activity, especially status
Preoperative Risk Evaluation

Major Pre-Op Questions:
1. Does the patient have any modifiable risk factors that could be
exam Determine Cardiac ... a) Ischemic heart ... disease b) CHF ... one post op Cardiology ... postoperative cardiac