18 results
Several artifacts can cause significant and potentially misleading alterations to measured RBC parameters: 
1. Old samples
#TargetCells #Codocytes ... #Schistocytes #Pyknocytes ... #Elliptocytes #Ovalocytes
Codocytes (Target cells) - Two target cells are seen in the left photo and one in
Codocytes (Target ... #Blood #Smear #Codocytes
Glomerular Diseases - Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes

Nephritic syndrome—due to GBM disruption. 
Hypertension. t BUN and creatinine.
Nephrotic yndrome—podocyte ... 10 (eg direct podocyte ... damage) or 20 (podocyte
Pathologic Red Blood Cell (RBC) Morphologies and Associated Diseases

Acanthocyte (spur cell),  
Basophilic stippling, 
Bite cell,
Elliptocyte, Macro-ovalocyte
Spectrum of Glomerular Diseases
Nephrotic - Mechanism:
 • Injury to podocytes
 • Changed architecture: Scanning. Deposition of
• Injury to podocytes
Innate Immune Cells - Pathophysiology
The innate immune system consists of granulocytes, mast cells, natural killer cells,
killer cells, and monocytes ... Monocytes and neutrophils ... Monocytes and B-cells
Characteristics of Selected Pneumonias

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Gram-positive diplococci. 
Haemophilus influenzae. Pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacilli. 
Staphylococcus aureus. Plump
PMNs and monocytes
Podocytopathies - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

No podocytopenia - EM shows minimal change disease
 • Minimal Change Nephropathy
Podocytopenia
• FSGS NOS Podocyte ... Podocytopathy #podocytes
Fever - Pyrogen Pathophysiology

EXOGENOUS PYROGEN
 • Bacteria: Lipopolysaccharide components, peptidoglycans and muramyl peptide derivatives, Toxins
 •
(neutrophils, monocytes
Rigors And Bacteremia - Overview

• Rigors are a response to the release of cytokines and prostaglandins
: Neutrophils, Monocytes