13 results
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
into the deeper retinal ... ischemia causes ... macula, and/or retina ... ophthalmology #diagnosis #complications ... #pathophysiology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
nervefiber layer -> Retinal ... of the terminal retinal ... lesions in the inner retinal ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... signs #symptoms #complications
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Low intake 
• poor oral intake 

Renal loss 
• Medication 
• Hypomagnesemia 
•
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... oral intake Renal ... Nonreabsorbable anions • Renal ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Causes #Classification
Type 2 Diabetes - Screening, Diagnosis and Management Algorithm
Lifestyle  Modifications (Diet and Exercise) -> Start
and Management Algorithm ... Reduces Risk of Complications ... • Presence of complications ... • Secondary Causes ... #DM2 #DMII #Classification
Causes of Anemia by Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Low Mean Corpuscular Volume (<80
Causes of Anemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Renal Disease, Liver ... #Anemia #MCV #Classification ... #Causes #Hematology
Elevated Amylase (Hyperamylasemia)- Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Pancreatic causes:
 - Pancreatic cancer
 - Complications pancreatitis: eg pseudocyst
 -
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Pancreatic causes ... Pancreatic cancer - Complications ... Non-pancreatic causes ... Active IBID - Renal
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm ... life threatening complications ... wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal ... causes • Laxative
Hyperuricemia: Pathogenesis and Complications

 - Hypercalcemia (due to diseases like Sarcoidosis and Hyperparathyroidism) -> Accumulation of
Pathogenesis and Complications ... of calcium in renal ... Release of purine bases ... Hyperuricemia #Pathophysiology ... #Complications
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... - Diarrhea • RENAL ... gas transport, renal ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Pathophysiology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
out of cells may cause ... patient has good renal ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... Abdominal pain, nausea ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology