12 results
Differentiation Between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome 
== Nephrotic Syndrome ==
Onset - Insidious 
Edema - ++++
Blood
- Insidious Edema ... Red blood cell casts ... Red blood cell casts ... Nephritic #Comparison #Table ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
• White cell casts ... • Hyaline casts ... disease • Granular casts ... disorders or excreted medications ... #nephrology #casts
Potassium-Binding Agents to Treat Hyperkalemia
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma):
 • Mechanism: Preferentially captures K in exchange for
obtain the desired serum ... Side Effects: Edema ... patients sensitive to high ... #Hyperkalemia #medications ... #pharmacology #table
CNS Infection in HIV / AIDS - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Principles of HIV-Associated CNS Opportunistic Infections:
 •
HIV / AIDS - Differential ... present in 15% of cases ... + mass effect/Edema ... - +mass effect/Edema ... sensitivity of serum
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview

Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by:
 • Headache
 • Seizures
 • Altered mental
Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, Infection ... : • Infection, ... Electrolyte abnormality, Medication ... the underlying cause ... until cause identified
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Kidney stones caused ... #Pharmacology #Medications ... #Table
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
only if no clear cause ... Elimination (see Table ... Treatments: • K-Binding ... caution in HTN & edema ... Treatment #potassium #nephrology
IDSA Recommendations for Preventing and Treating Histoplasma Capsulatum Infections in HIV-AIDS
Indications for Initiating Primary Prophylaxis:
 •
in HIV-AIDS Indications ... cells/mm3 and at high ... histoplasmosis (>10 cases ... with ARV (see Table ... and itraconazole serum
Pragmatic diagnostic algorithm for hypokalemia. 
***Typical presentations: 
 • Vomiting: urine Na/Cl > 1.6, low urine
urine Na/Cl < 0.7, high ... after correcting serum ... Other medications ... continued in most cases ... differential #algorithm #nephrology
SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)

Suspect:
Clinical evidence of (fatigue, rash, photosensitivity, inflammatory arthritis, weight loss, and fever) and
complements and a high ... Differential Diagnosis ... fibromyalgia) • Infections ... , and elevated serum ... activation and/or medications