1988 results
Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) 
Type 1 - Failure of secretion
Type 2 - Bicarbonate wasting
Type 4 -
1 - Failure of secretion ... classification #nephrology
Interpreting Kidney Biomarkers

↑ Creatinine: 
 • AKI, CKD
 • Medications that lead to nephroprotective ↓ in
renal tubular secretion ... diagnosis #laboratory #nephrology
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)  Type 1 

Totally scuppers the kidney's acidification mechanism. Will be
impaired NH4+ secretion ... Diagnosis #Management #Nephrology
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Nephropathy
 • Cortical Manifestations
    - Main issue: Hemolysis-associated endothelial
- Impaired K secretion ... #differential #nephrology
Pathophysiology of Euglycemic DKA in SGLT2 Inhibitors
 • Kidney: Glycosuria, Natriuresis, ↑ Ketone bodies reabsorption
 •
Pancreas: ↓ Insulin secretion ... , ↑ Glucagon secretion ... pathophysiology #nephrology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
Ileostomy - NGT suction ... related to renin secretion ... gradient and fluid secretion ... Pathophysiology #Nephrology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
loss: Nasogastric suction ... intake, Small bowel resection ... antidiuretic hormone secretion ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
antidiuretic hormone secretion ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
↑ K+ and ↑ H+ secretion ... Pathophysiology #nephrology
Visualizing Hypotonic Hyponatremia

 • UNa reveals RAAS activity.
 • UOsm reveals ADH activity.
 • ADH secretion
• ADH secretion ... Hyponatremia #Graph #nephrology