8 results
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is a result of an absolute or relative insulin
of Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... driven by insulin) shifts ... #Pathophysiology ... #DKA #Diabetes ... #Endocrinology
Indications for Parathyroidectomy in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • All patients with symptomatic PHPT
 • Serum calcium 1
PHPT • Serum calcium ... Osteoporosis or fragility fracture ... nephrocalcinosis, 24h urine calcium ... Indications #PHPT #endocrinology ... #management #Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options
Stabilize cardiac membrane:
 • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes)
Decrease potassium concentration:
 • IV Fluids
Shift
membrane: • IV Calcium ... • IV Fluids Shift ... function) - Loop diuretic ... #Hyperkalemia #management
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (EuDKA)
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Increasing Indications
Significant Adverse Drug Effects
Definition of EuDKA
 • Metabolic acidosis with pH
Euglycemic Diabetic ... level < 200 mg/dL Pathophysiology ... #Euglycemic #Diabetic ... EuDKA #diagnosis #management ... #endocrinology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary

Trauma:
 • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury
Exertional:
 •
Diagnosis and Management ... Dermatomyositis) AKI - Pathophysiology ... Shift of extracellular ... potassium and calcium ... Differential #Diagnosis #Management
Treatment algorithm for malignancy-associated hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia
 - Renal Failure → Dialysis with low Ca++ bath
Aggressive IV hydration
Overload → Loop diuretic ... Refractory Cases: Gallium ... Treatment #algorithm #management ... #endocrinology
Hyperkalemia Management
Pseudohyperkalemia: 1. Hemolyzed sample 2. Blood drawn from a site/line where potassium or TPN is
Hyperkalemia Management ... • Order calcium ... minutes-hour) -Shift ... excretion via a loop diuretic ... #Hyperkalemia #Management
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
with thiazide diuretic ... Hypocalciuria (spot urine, calcium-creatinine ... Surreptitious diuretic ... diagnosis #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology