51 results
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Classification, ... Differential Diagnosis ... Glucocorticoid deficit - Hypokalemia ... Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings
Causes of Hypercalcemia 
• Malignancy 
• Milk-alkali syndrome 
• Vitamin D toxicity 
•
Hypercalcemia - ... EKG Findings Causes ... #EKG #ECG #Electrocardiogram ... #Differential # ... Causes #Diagnosis
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
GI losses / Insensible losses
Sodium Overload
Transcellular Movement of Water
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Infiltrative disorders (e.g ... - Medications (e.g ... renal diseases (e.g ... Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis by Mechanism
Decr Blood Pressure (“Decr Effective Circulating Volume”) 
 - Volume depletion
Hyponatremia - Differential ... - Malignancy (e.g ... CNS pathology (e.g ... Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes #Sodium
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Low intake 
• poor oral intake 

Renal loss 
• Medication 
• Hypomagnesemia 
•
Hypokalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Transcellular shift ... #Differential # ... #Causes #Classification
Hyperkalemia shortens repolarization; changes in the T wave provide the earliest clues to hyperpotassemia.
 - At
Hyperkalemia shortens ... repolarization causes ... #Diagnosis #Hyperkalemia ... #EKG #ECG #Changes ... #Progression #Table
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
metastases, Infection (e.g ... uropathy, Metabolic causes ... (e.g., hypokalemia ... disease, Drugs (e.g ... #Differential
Constipation - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Diet/Lifestyle
 • Fibre
 • Calories
 • Fluid
 • Exercise
 • Psychosocial
Medications
 •
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Active Medications (e.g ... Cation Related (e.g ... Anticholinergic (e.g ... #Causes
Causes of Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia results from abnormal losses, transcellular shifts, or insufficient intake (Table 1).6–8 Abnormal losses
Causes of Hypokalemia ... transcellular shifts ... insufficient intake (Table ... hospitalized patients #Diagnosis ... #Hypokalemia #Differential
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Polyuria scheme) e.g ... #Causes