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Causes of Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is caused by excess potassium intake, impaired potassium excretion, or transcellular shifts. The
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... is caused by excess ... potassium intake ... , impaired potassium ... transcellular shifts
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Increased Intake
 • Reduced Excretion (IV potassium with
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Excretion (IV potassium ... Transcellular Shift ... #Hyperkalemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift:
 • Alkalosis
 • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation 
 • Erythropoiesis
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Transcellular Shift ... vomiting) • Low ... Transcellular shifts ... #potassium
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Transcellular Shift ... Refeeding Syndrome #Hypokalemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options
Stabilize cardiac membrane:
 • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes)
Decrease potassium concentration:
 • IV Fluids
Shift
Hyperkalemia Treatment ... minutes) Decrease potassium ... • IV Fluids Shift ... potassium intracellularly ... LouLectures #Hyperkalemia
Potassium-Binding Agents to Treat Hyperkalemia
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma):
 • Mechanism: Preferentially captures K in exchange for
Potassium-Binding ... K; also binds magnesium ... nonspecifically binds K, magnesium ... of aspiration #Potassium ... #medications #pharmacology
Approach to Hypomagnesemia 

Fractional excretion of magnesium = (urine magnesium x serum creatinine)/ [0.7 (serum magnesium
= (urine magnesium ... intake, Gl loss, shift ... of magnesium into ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #low
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... (K) & magnesium( ... wasting from other causes ... consumption • Low ... #nephrology #low
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Increased magnesium load
 - Magnesium-containing laxatives, antacids, or enemas
 - Treatment of pre-edampsia/eclampsia (mothers
Causes of Hypermagnesemia ... Increased magnesium ... or enemas - Treatment ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Hypermagnesemia #Causes
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia 
 • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren)
 • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia ... • Increased EC shift ... MunerMohamed1 #hyperkalemia ... pathophysiology #pharmacology ... #potassium #medications